TNF and Menkes disease: When compared to controls, MD patients had 2.8 fold higher expression of Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β; P = 3.8 × 10−4); 3.8 fold higher Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA, P = 2.74 × 10−4); 7.1 fold higher Interleukin-6 (IL-6; P = 7.83 × 10−4) and 2.6 fold more Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α; P = 3.5 × 10−5) (Fig. 1A).