In contrast, DFF45 expression has been reported to be significantly reduced in esophageal squamous cell cancers with higher stages and in those with lymph node involvement and extensive lymphovascular space invasion than in cancers with lower stages and without lymph node involvement or extensive lymphovascular space invasion; moreover, patients with low DFF45 expression levels have been demonstrated to have significantly shorter OS than those with high DFF45 expression levels [38]. This evidence concerns the gene DFFA and cancer.