RNF43 and dysplasia: Hashimoto and coworkers compared the occurrence of WNT pathway gene mutations in sessile serrated adenomas with or without dysplasia: RNF43, APC and ZNF43 mutations were identified in 50%, 9% and 7% sessile serrated adenomas with dysplasia, but mutations of these genes were rarely observed in sessile serrated adenomas without dysplasia [187].