TLR2 and systemic lupus erythematosus: Also, HMGB1, a DNA-binding protein, and lupus autoantigen, released under inflammatory conditions can induce NF-κB activation in a TLR2 and TLR4-RAGE-dependent manner in mononuclear phagocytes and neutrophils [103, 104] as well as in mesangial cells [103, 105].