PTGS2 and urinary bladder carcinoma: The molecular mechanism that BJOE induces apoptosis of T24 bladder cancer cells may be the activation of caspase apoptotic pathway by upregulation of the expression of caspase-3 and caspase-9 proteins and inhibition of the expression of NF-κB and cyclo-oxyge-nase-2 (COX-2) proteins [29].