We exposed WT mice and the respective knockout mice (i.e., I11r−/−, Casp1−/−, and Ccr2−/−) to DSS treatment (DSS in drinking water for 4 days, followed by 2 days of chow, which represents the time point at which PN infusion would begin) and compared the colon phenotype using several validated parameters: first we visualized colitis clinically by observing the occurrence of bloody stools, which was similar in all DSS-treated mice, regardless of genotype (Supplementary Fig. 3A). Here, CASP1 is linked to colitis.