VEGFA and type 1 diabetes mellitus: The elevated circulating VEGF-A levels are already found in adult T1DM patients with DN, and in T1DM prepubertal and pubertal children.[8,23] Similarly, urinary VEGF-A was elevated in T2DM patients and the diabetic mice model holding no correlation with their albuminuria.[24,25]VEGF-A polymorphisms are associated with DR and DN as well.[21] The characteristic parameter to evaluate glucose control in the blood is the level of HbA1c.