CCL2 and familial hyperlipidemia: MCP-1 is expressed by a variety of cell types, including monocyte, macrophage, endothelial cell (EC), vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC), podocyte, adipocyte and fibroblast, etc. The expression of MCP-1 in all kinds of cells listed above is low under normal physiological conditions, once given the stimulations such as increased blood glucose, advanced glycation end products (AGEs), hyper-lipemia, angiotensin II (Ang II), oxidative stress, interleukin-1 (IL-1), TNF-α, et al., the expression of MCP-1 is obviously up-regulated (19,20).