CD38 and neoplasm: Some of the nanobodies have been shown to effectively target CD38 on human tumor cells in a mouse Xenograft model (Fumey et al., 2017) and some of these nanobodies bind independently of daratumumab and isatuximab and may, therefore, be useful for detecting cell surface CD38 in daratumumab- and isatuximab-treated patients (Oberle et al., 2017).