TGFB1 and infection: Growing evidence manifested that the altered expression of tumor-associated antigens along with the abnormal secretion of cytokines containing transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and IL in the tumor microenvironment disturbed the balance of NK cell inhibitory and activating receptors such as killer-immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) and NCRs which greatly affected the cytotoxicity activity of NK cells, leading to the attenuation of anti-infection and anti-tumor responses [24].