TNF and gestational diabetes: Second, in a cellular model of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) obtained from umbilical cords of women affected by GDM, liraglutide exposure significantly mitigated TNFα induced endothelial monocyte adhesion as well as VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 expression, reduced the phosphorylation of the MAPK42/44 signalling pathway, inhibited NF-kB p65 nuclear translocation, and decreased peroxynitrite levels and endothelial microvesicle (EMV) release [40].