TNF and cancer: One study observed no significantdifference in cytokine production by MAIT cells between cancer patients and healthycontrols in responses to phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) and ionomycin,76 while other studies observed a lower IFN-γ and TNF-α production intumor-associated MAIT cells compared to MAIT cells in unaffected mucosa.63,64 IL-17production by MAIT cells was either higher in cancer patients compared with healthy controls,76 or similar.64