PPARGC1A and Familial prostate cancer: While low PGC-1α levels have been associated with poor outcome in breast, prostate, and VHL-deficient clear renal cell carcinoma (34–36), high PGC-1α levels have also been associated with poor outcome in the context of melanoma, breast, and prostate cancer (37–40), revealing that other factors such as tumor heterogeneity and context-specific transcriptional programs are critical determinant of the implication of PGC-1α in disease progression.