INS and atherosclerosis: Resistance to insulin's vasodilator effects is characteristic of insulin resistant and type 2 diabetic subjects (Jiang et al., 1999; Okon et al., 2005), and has been shown to contribute to increased vascular resistance (Woerdeman et al., 2016), defects in organ perfusion and atherosclerosis (Rask-Madsen et al., 2010).