TGFB1 and neoplasm: But direct interactions between tissue DCs and effector or memory T cells outside secondary lymphoid organs are also required for T cell function and survival,13 and, within the tumor, cDCs directly interact with effector T cells.8, 14 In addition to cDCs, tumors contain populations of monocytes and macrophages that express varying levels of CD11c, which are commonly associated with the development of an immunosuppressive tumor environment through secretion of cytokines such as interleukin 10 (IL-10) or transforming growth factor β (TGF-β).15