PTEN and breast carcinoma: The model incorporates elements of the main signaling pathways involved in breast cancer: RTK signaling (e.g. IGF1R and HER2/HER3), PI3K signaling (e.g. PI3K and PTEN), MAPK signaling (e.g. RAS and MAPK), AKT signaling (e.g. AKT, PDK1, and FOXO3), mTORC1 signaling (e.g. mTORC1, TSC, and S6K), and ER signaling (e.g. ESR1 and MYC).