Together with the findings alluded to earlier in this review that elevated levels of IL-17 and IFN-γ measured prior to, as well as subsequent to, administration of ipilimumab are associated with the development of enterocolitis (38, 82, 83), it is possible that combining these two cytokines with a limited selection of additional biomarkers may enhance prediction of development of this and other IRAEs when measured pre-therapy. Here, IL17A is linked to enterocolitis.