TXNIP and Insulin resistance: In addition to PAMPs [4], DAMP-mediated activation of NLRP inflammasome by self-derived molecules such as thioredoxin-interacting protein in response to glucose link endogenous oxidative stress to insulin resistance [210,211], while other DAMPs such as amylin (IAPP) activate NLRP inflammasome and IL-1 production in a ROS-dependent manner that does not require thioredoxin-interacting protein [212,213].