Notably, the high serum levels of TNFα were associated with increased peripheral Treg numbers in patients with colorectal cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma, where blockade of TNFα/TNFR2 signals inhibited Treg cell expansion and benefited cancer therapy (33), thereby indicating that TNFα is capable of mediating Treg expansion. This evidence concerns the gene TNFRSF1B and cancer.