Post-mortem AD brain samples and those of mouse transgenic models of AD bearing deposits of insoluble Aβ display alterations in microglia and astrocytes (Parvathenani et al., 2003; Heneka et al., 2015); Aβ plaques in the frontal cortex of AD brain are surrounded by IL-1β-positive microglia (Heuberger, 2011). The gene discussed is IL1B; the disease is Alzheimer disease.