In a more recent study using neurotoxin models of sporadic PD, it was shown that increased nitric oxide levels caused the nitrosylation of Parkin, impairing its ubiquitin ligase activity and resulting in an upregulation of phosphorylated S616 DRP1 recruitment to mitochondria and consequential mitochondrial hyper-fragmentation [78]. Here, PRKN is linked to Parkinson disease.