Therefore, further investigation as to whether the enhanced DC activation indeed occurs preferentially in the aged mice (and also in IL-2-deficient or DT-treated Foxp3-DTR mice) and whether such effects are independent of commensal microbial and/or dietary food antigens and thus still achievable even in the aged GF or AF mice will be of interest to be performed. The gene discussed is IL2; the disease is atrial fibrillation.