Their possible pathophysiological relevance is highlighted by the ability of selective A2AR antagonists to attenuate working memory deficits (Horita et al., 2013; Li et al., 2015), and by the ability of caffeine, which antagonizes both adenosine receptors, to counteract cognitive behavioral deficits both in human subjects suffering from attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD; Leon, 2000) as well as in a rat model of ADHD (Pandolfo et al., 2013). Here, ADORA2A is linked to attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder.