This would be congruent with our previous findings that insulin-induced phosphorylation of Kv1.3 (Fadool et al., 2000, 2011; Marks et al., 2009) and resultant decrease in channel open probability (Fadool et al., 2000) evokes a reduction in anxiety behaviors when intranasally administered to the OB (Marks et al., 2009). Here, INS is linked to Anxiety.