In fact, as mentioned above, we found that among subjects with alcohol-dependence only those with a comorbid diagnosis of depression had significantly lower levels of glutamate transporters EAAT1 (and a tendency for lower EAAT2 transporters) than controls, while in alcoholics without other psychiatric diagnoses (Miguel-Hidalgo et al., 2010) there was no change, suggesting that uncomplicated AUDs may involve compensatory regulation of glutamate transport. Here, SLC1A3 is linked to alcohol dependence.