In particular, our previous studies demonstrated that S100A9 was increased in HCC tumor tissues and cell lines compared to non-malignant controls and extracellular S100A9 protein could stimulate growth and invasion HCC cells by interaction with RAGE and activation of RAGE-dependent ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK signaling cascades [43, 44]. Here, MAPK3 is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.