In urothelial carcinomas, hypermethylated insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3 (IGFBP3) and apoptotic protease activating factor 1 (APAF-1) was indicative of a high risk of recurrence and identified patients who should be monitored closely; however, this was not a liquid biopsy and close monitoring could not be aided with epigenetic biomarkers [167]. Here, IGFBP3 is linked to urothelial carcinoma.