GSK3B and cardiac hypertrophy: Akt and Gsk-3β are positive and negative regulators of cardiac hypertrophy, respectively.10 Akt phosphorylation and activation is directly involved in the modulation of cardiac hypertrophy by controlling downstream signaling cascades.11 In contrast, phosphorylation of Gsk-3β promotes its deactivation and further modulates hypertrophy.12 Studies have shown that Akt phosphorylation and activation promote de-phosphorylation of Gsk-3β, which in turn promotes cardiac hypertrophy.