PTGES and Alzheimer disease: Diosgenin has been reported to have some preventive effects on mouse colon carcinogenesis,(39) mouse squamous cell carcinoma(40) and mouse Alzheimer’s disease.(41) Our previous study also showed that diosgenin suppressed COX-2 in A549 cells,(11) and additionally our recent experiment showed that it suppressed both of COX-2 and mPGES-1 in LPS-stimulated mouse macrophage-like RAW264 cells (Fig. 7).