PDCD1 and neoplasm: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) target cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4, e.g. ipilimumab) or programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1, e.g. nivolumab, pembrolizumab) to promote T cell mediated anti-tumor immunity and produce durable clinical benefit in a subset of patients with advanced melanoma [1].