AKT1 and Insulin resistance: Reactive oxygen species‐induced insulin resistance is mediated by various signalling pathways, including the JNK and p38 MAPK pathways.20, 32 Our results showed that NEFA treatment markedly increased the phosphorylation levels of JNK (p‐JNK/JNK, at Thr183 and Tyr185) and p38MAPK (p‐p38MAPK/p38MAPK, at Thr180 and Tyr182) and decreased the phosphorylation levels of IRS2 and Akt in cow hepatocytes (Figure 4F‐I).