TNF and Chagas disease: In this regard, Albareda et al. [56], described that patients with early T. cruzi infection preserve CD4 polyfunctionality (IFN-γ+ and TNF-α+), while individuals with longstanding infections have higher frequency of monofunctional cells (i.e. IFN-γ+), indicating that a lack of polyfunctionality is associated to Chagas disease progression.