MAOA and drug dependence: The first aim was to determine whether PA and/or SA were associated with methylation in the MAOA ROI, and whether any observed associations were due to lifetime or current psychoactive medication, lifetime or current alcohol or drug dependence, current alcohol or drug use, each of which is common among persons who have experienced PA and/or SA, each of which has been shown to be associated with methylation levels in MAOA ROI and/or wide-spread epigenetic alterations across the genome (Philibert et al. 2008; Nestler 2014; Booij et al. 2015; Szyf 2015; Ziegler et al. 2016).