MAOA and depressive symptom measurement: Although the role of MAOA-uVNTR genotype in treatment response is not fully understood, recent studies suggest that men and women carrying MAOA-S, as compared to MAOA-L carriers, display greater reductions in symptoms of depression when taking mirtazapine (Tzeng et al. 2009) and of panic disorder following cognitive-behavioural treatment (Reif et al. 2014).