TNF and Alzheimer disease: As shown in Figure 7, IL-1β and TNF-α levels were significantly elevated in hippocampi of the AD model group compared to those of the sham group (203.5 ± 39.50 versus 140.0 ± 28.27 pg/mL, 239.8 ± 30.89 versus 124.6 ± 24.47 pg/mL, P < 0.01, P < 0.01).