SMAD3 and Ureteral obstruction: In consonance with our results, Kim and Padanilam [21] found that PARP1 deficiency in a model of Parp1-KO mice attenuated renal fibrosis and inflammation during unilateral ureteral obstruction but TGF-β1/Smad3 signaling pathway remained unchanged in Parp1-KO and WT mice.