IRF2 and breast carcinoma: Moreover, the mechanism by which dysregulation of IRF-1 and IRF-2 affects breast carcinoma cells has been proposed to involve disruption of the IRF-1/IRF-2 ratio [82], and as this ratio has been reported to change during the cell cycle, monitoring the status of IRF-1 and IRF-2 in such histological studies is highly challenging [43].