TF is also known as coagulation factor III and is an initial component of the coagulation cascade in thrombosis in AF.[26,27] TF has been reported to be expressed in endothelial cells and participates in inflammation associated thrombosis.[17] In previous trials, the expression of TF in AF patients with thrombi has been found to be elevated.[21,27] To analyze whether TF was associated with thrombosis in the LAAs of the AF patients, comparative Western blot analysis with specific antibodies was performed in the present study. The gene discussed is TF; the disease is atrial fibrillation.