To gain further insight into whether MS patients may be exposed to increased TLR2-stimulants as a result of subclinical UTI not detectable by dipstick, we used a HEK293-TLR2 transfection assay calibrated with the synthetic ligand Pam3CSK4 to quantify the biological activities of TLR2-stimulants present in urine of HC and MS patients, as described previously (28). This evidence concerns the gene TLR2 and bacterial urinary tract infection.