Given that the most stable and reliable marker of TNF-α activity is considered to be sTNFR1 (34, 35), biomarker studies were done to investigate the average levels (means) of neuroinflammation in patients with schizophrenia (19, 34–36), concluding that sTNFR1 could reflect treatment resistance or severe clinical disease trajectories (19, 35). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and schizophrenia.