Among a number of later works, our observations showed that skeletal denervation- or drug-induced skeletal muscle atrophy led to significant up-regulation of MuRF1 and MAFbx (Sun et al., 2014a,b; He et al., 2016), while other researchers found that MuRF1 and MAFbx were up-regulated in skeletal muscle atrophy associated with cancer cachexia and cerebral ischemia (Gomes et al., 2012; Desgeorges et al., 2015; Winbanks et al., 2016). This evidence concerns the gene FBXO32 and brain ischemia.