BECN1 and viral infectious disease: As NbBeclin1 (ATG6 in yeast or Arabidopsis) was the most upregulated gene (Fig. 1c, d) and its mammalian orthologous gene Beclin1 has been implicated in viral infection in mammalian cells28,29, possible interactions between NbBeclin1 and each of the 11 TuMV proteins30 were screened for by yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) assays.