In particular, Iyer et al. showed a significant upregulation of miR-146a in the astrocytoma cell line or cultured human astrocytes when exposed to IL-1β stimulation (Iyer et al., 2012); thus it is possible that expression of miR-146a in astrocytes could function in fine-tuning the inflammatory response triggered by IL-1β (Aronica et al., 2010). The gene discussed is IL1B; the disease is astrocytoma (excluding glioblastoma).