TP53 and infection: In 1.0 MOI HIV-1 infection, the inhibition changed from about 2.6 fold to 5.6 fold, and in 3.0 MOI infection, the observed inhibition in HCT116 p53+/+ cells increased from 3.6 fold to 9 fold in comparison to HCT116 p53−/− cells when cell cycle switched from cycling to non-cycling status (Fig. 1e).