TGFB1 and Left ventricular dilatation: TGF-β stimulation induces maturation of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts and enhances ECM protein synthesis via induction of TIMP expression and inhibition of certain MMP expression.111 However, this is dependent on the load on the myocardium and there is clear evidence that volume overload results in reduction in TGF-β level and loss of interstitial collagen,113 whereas pressure overload increases TGF-β.114 The result is increased detection of markers of collagen types I and III turnover in the serum,115 pathological decreases in interstitial collagen15,116,117 and left ventricular dilatation.