Moreover, the administration of vismodegib decreased the expression of CSC-related genes, such as SOX2 and NANOG. Finally, we demonstrated that chemorefractory NSCLC (i.e. NSCLC with early tumor progression with first-line platinum-based chemotherapy) showed overexpression of Gli2 compared with chemosensitive NSCLC and that inhibition of Shh pathway had a synergistic effect with cisplatin in the most chemoresistant cell lines in vitro [73]. Here, NANOG is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.