This correlation provides further evidence that TGF-β signalling appears to be acting primarily as a tumour suppressor in cSCC and suggests that a reduction in active TGF-β signalling may provide a significant growth advantage for affected tumour cells - as recently demonstrated in-vitro using primary human cSCC cell lines carrying mutant TGFBR2 and lacking canonical signalling potential [3]. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and neoplasm.