Furthermore, even given histological evaluation of the entire prostate gland after radical prostatectomy, serious challenges still beset the prostate cancer clinic, particularly for (1) predicting tumor biochemical recurrence (BCR), defined as elevation of blood serum PSA levels after prostatectomy as a surrogate marker of prostate cancer progression20, and (2) evaluating patient overall survival. Here, KLK3 is linked to prostate carcinoma.