One study, however, has evaluated the short-term and long-term consequences of MD and found that following an identical 24-h MD period, hippocampal BDNF mRNA was downregulated, and BDNF protein levels and NMDA receptor subunit expression were decreased only in adulthood but not 2, 6, or 24 h following MD11. Here, BDNF is linked to Menkes disease.