While ventricular septal defect (VSD) was observed in some of the SAV1 mutant hearts [15], VSD also occurred in cardiac/vascular smooth muscle cell- (SMC-) specific YAP ablation mice, which may harbor other severe vascular malformations like dysplastic arterial wall, hypogenetic brachiocephalic artery, and retroesophageal right subclavian artery [16]. This evidence concerns the gene SAV1 and ventricular septal defect.