However, the absolute benefit of immediate ART was greater in the TEMPRANO trial (conducted in Cote d’Ivoire) than in the START trial (which was conducted in countries across the world), because the event rate in the control arms (mainly from TB and invasive bacterial infections) was higher in the TEMPRANO trial, reflecting the high co-infection risks that exist for individuals living with HIV infection in Africa, even with higher CD4 counts. This evidence concerns the gene CD4 and tuberculosis.